The premise behind make is simple: after you change source files and want to rebuild your program or other output files, make checks timestamps to see what has changed and rebuilds just what you need, without wasting time rebuilding other files. In the third edition of the classic Managing Projects with GNU make, readers will learn why this utility continues to hold its top position in project build software, despite many younger competitors. First invented in the 1970s, make still turns up to this day as the central engine in most programming projects it even builds the Linux kernel. The utility simply known as make is one of the most enduring features of both Unix and other operating systems.
Our overallĮvidence refutes RR’s claim that public debt/GDP ratios above 90% consistently reduce a country’s GDP growth. The relationship between public debt and GDP growth varies significantly by period and country. Mean and median GDP growth when public debt levels exceed 90% of GDP are not dramatically different from when the public debt/GDP Contrary to Reinhart and Rogoff’s broader contentions, both Growth figures over 1790–2009 are all distorted by similar methodological errors, although the magnitudes of the distortionsĪre somewhat smaller than with the mean figures for 1946–2009. The published results for (i) median GDP growth rates for the 1946–2009 period and (ii) mean and median GDP Over 1946–2009, countries with public debt/GDP ratios above 90% averaged 2.2% real annual GDP growth, not −0.1%Īs published.
To serious miscalculations that inaccurately represent the relationship between public debt and GDP growth among 20 advancedĮconomies. We replicate Reinhart and Rogoff (2010A and 2010B) and find that selective exclusion of available data, coding errors and inappropriate weighting of summary statistics lead
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